Estatus taxonómico de Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) y su reincorporación basados en una evaluación integrativa

Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932, originalmente descrita de Perú, posteriormente fue transferida por Evans (1955) al género Hylephila Billberg, 1820, y considerada como una subespecie de H. phyleus (Drury, 1773), argumentando que basistrigata ocurre en ambientes más secos que los que habita phyleus. Actualmente se mantiene el rango taxonómico propuesto por Evans. El objetivo del presente trabajo es restituir el estatus taxonómico de especie válida para basistrigata con base en un análisis integrativo considerando aspectos morfológicos, ecológicos y genéticos. Se examinó las estructuras genitálicas en ejemplares de basistrigata y phyleus, se obtuvo secuencias del gen mitocondrial COI para ambas especies y se recopiló datos en campo para conocer su comportamiento de oviposición en los alrededores de Arequipa, suroeste de Perú. Como resultado del examen morfológico se halló diferencias notorias entre las estructuras genitálicas de ambas especies, principalmente en los procesos caudales de las valvas, la disposición de las pectinas y la forma del uncus en los machos. Con relación al análisis genético, se halló una distancia genética mayor a 3% entre ambas especies, apoyando así el estatus taxonómico de especie para basistrigata. Adicionalmente, desde una perspectiva ecológica, se registró que ambas especies utilizan distintos mecanismos de oviposición y diferentes plantas hospederas, exhibiendo además simpatría espacial y sincronía temporal en la vertiente occidental de los Andes en Perú. Se redescribe el macho y hembra adultos de basistrigata y se designa su lectotipo.

Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932, originally described from Peru, was subsequently transferred to the genus Hylephila Billberg, 1820 by Evans (1955) and considered a subspecies of H. phyleus (Drury, 1773), arguing that basistrigata inhabits drier environments than phyleus. Currently, the taxonomic status proposed by Evans is retained. The aim of this study is to reinstate the taxonomic status of valid species for basistrigata based on an integrative analysis considering morphological, ecological, and genetic aspects. Genitalic structures were examined in specimens of both basistrigata and phyleus, mitochondrial COI gene sequences were obtained for both species, and field data were collected to understand their oviposition behaviour in the vicinity of Arequipa city, southwestern Peru. As a result of the morphological examination, notable differences were found between the male genitalia structures of both species, primarily in the caudal processes of the valvae, the arrangement of the pectines, and the shape of the uncus. Regarding the genetic analysis, a genetic distance of greater than 3% was observed between the two species, thus supporting the taxonomic status of species for basistrigata. Additionally, from an ecological perspective, it was recorded that both species employ distinct oviposition mechanisms and different host plants, exhibiting spatial sympatry and temporal synchrony on the western slope of the Andes in Peru. Male and female adults of basistrigata are redescribed, and a lectotype is designated.

STUDY OF OVIPOSITION IN CARYEDON SERRATUS ON PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

Control of insect pest is a serious problem, as the use of different chemical pesticides to control them is injurious to human health and environment. Thorough knowledge of their biology is quite important to manage them. During present investigations oviposition in Caryedon serratus have been observed on Phaseolus vulgaris for the first time. The female C. serratus preferred to lay eggs near the depression as convex surface of the seed of P. vulgaris. Maximum number of eggs per seed was 15. Maximum egg laying occurred during the first 6-days of oviposition under all three temperatures (25C, 28C and 34C). The peak of egg laying occurred on 3-day at 25C and 34C, however, it occurred on 5-day at 28C. C. serratus prefer laying eggs in the depression, may possibly be due to two reasons, first, the seed coat may be weakest at this point, second, eggs laid in depression may be protected. Most of egg laying activity by day-6, helps the female to conserve its energy for greater longevity.

Density Of Eggs and Larvae of Aedes Spp and the Characteristics of their Larvae Habitat in Endemic Dengue Area of Ternate City

@#Introduction: Dengue Fever (DF) is a disease spread by Aedes spp. caused by dengue virus infection. The study aimed to identify the density of Aedes spp eggs and larvas stages and the characteristics of their habitat in dengue-endemic areas in Ternate City in September-December 2021. Methods: the research was conducted in four dengue-endemic villages in Ternate City, namely Sangaji, Maliaro, Bastiong Karance, and Bastiong Talangame village. In 80 households, egg density was determined by placing 2 ovitraps in each house, one inside and one outside the house. After a week, the filter paper which is a medium mosquito to lay their eggs in the ovitrap was collected, and the ovitrap index value was calculated. The value of the House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breuteu Index (BI) was used to calculate the larval density. The type and materials of the containers were used to assess the parameters of the larval environment. Results: The ovitrap index value in the four villages was categorized as moderate level 3 (27.50% -36.25%). The highest larval density was found in Sangaji Village (HI = 81%), while the lowest was in Bastion Talangame Village (HI = 70%). The highest CI and BI values were found in Bastiong Karance Village (CI=51.5% and BI=190%), and the lowest was in Maliaro Village (CI=37.5% and BI=128%). Density figures in all endemic villages have a high larval density with a value of 8. Conclusion: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the types and the materials of containers in each village in Dengue endemic areas. The high density of the egg and larval stage and the information characteristic of habitat Aedes spp. could be considered as basic information for dengue vector control in Ternate City.

Density Of Eggs and Larvae of Aedes Spp. and the Characteristics of their Larvae Habitat in Endemic Dengue Area In Ternate City

@#Introduction: Dengue Fever (DF) is a disease spread by Aedes spp. caused by dengue virus infection. The study aimed to identify the density of egg and larval Aedes spp. stages and the characteristics of their habitat in dengue-endemic areas in Ternate City in September 2021. Methods: the research was conducted in four dengue-endemic villages in Ternate City, including Sangaji, Maliaro, Bastiong Karance, and Bastiong Talangame. In 80 households, egg density was determined utilizing ovitrap placement of up to two pieces per dwelling, one inside and one outside the house. After a week of ovitrap installation, the filter paper was collected, and the ovitrap index value was calculated. The value of the House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breuteu Index (BI) was used to calculate the larval density. The type and materials of the containers were used to assess the parameters of the larval environment. Results: The ovitrap index value in the four sub-districts was categorized as moderate level 3 (27.50% -36.25%). The highest larval density was found in Sangaji Village (HI = 81%), while the lowest was in Bastion Talangame Village (HI = 70%). The highest CI and BI values were found in Bastiong Karance Village (CI=51.5% and BI=190%), and the lowest was in Maliaro Village (CI=37.5% and BI=128%). Density figures in all endemic villages have a high larval density with a value of 8. Conclusion: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the types and the materials of containers in each village in DF endemic areas. The high density of the egg and larval stage and the information characteristic of habitat Aedes spp. Could be considered the basis of information dengue vector prevention and control in Ternate City.

Responses of green lacewings to semiochemicals: species- and sex-specificity (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

ABSTRACT Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are important predators in agroecosystems. Frequently there are studies which treat these beneficial insects at family level as a whole. This approach, despite its practical advantages, may, however, include many species with markedly different life history traits. As green lacewings are also rather diverse in their chemical ecology, treating several different species within one unit may lead to confusion and confounding effects of natural phenomena in research. Besides interspecific differences, sex-specificity is another important factor to consider in respect of insect chemical ecology. This is especially important for green lacewings, in particular the attraction of females, since oviposition is crucial in their application as biological control agents. The aim of our paper is to provide a brief insight into the diversity of the chemical ecology of green lacewings with a special emphasis on the species- and sex-specific differences in their responses to semiochemicals.

Alimentación, comportamiento de oviposición, ciclo de vida y enemigos naturales de Hamadryas feronia (Nymphalidae) en la Amazonía del Perú / Feeding, oviposition behavior, life cycle, and natural enemies of Hamadryas Feronia (Nymphalidae) in the Peruvian Amazon

Resumen Introducción: Hamadryas feronia feronia, se mimetiza sobre las cortezas de los árboles y suele emitir sonidos al volar que llaman la atención; posee un buen potencial para los bionegocios (exportación, elaboración de artesanías y centros turísticos de crianza). Sin embargo, aún se desconocen sus aspectos biológicos que obstaculizan su crianza en cautiverio. Objetivos: Determinar los aspectos biológicos de alimentación, comportamiento de oviposición, ciclo de vida y los enemigos naturales de Hamadryas feronia feronia L. en San Rafael-Indiana, Loreto, Perú. Métodos: Los muestreos fueron realizados desde enero 2018 a diciembre 2019 en la comunidad de San Rafael, río Amazonas. Los adultos fueron observados durante el día, se registraron sus plantas alimenticias, su comportamiento de oviposición, su ciclo biológico y sus enemigos naturales. El ciclo de vida fue evaluado en el laboratorio, utilizando 20 huevos recientemente depositados en las hojas de su planta hospedera. Resultados: Las larvas de H. feronia feronia se alimentan de las hojas de Dalechampia juruana y los adultos se alimentan de la savia de la corteza de los árboles de Cedrela odorata, Spondias mombin, Uncaria guianensis y de los frutos fermentados de Syzygium malaccense y Pouteria caimito. Los adultos vuelan en días soleados, los machos emiten un fuerte sonido al volar. Las hembras previo a la oviposición revolotean de forma irregular alrededor de su planta hospedera entre las 8.00 y las 14.00 h y depositan sus huevos en el haz y envés de las hojas de forma aislada con mayor frecuencia en el envés (N= 85). La duración del ciclo, desde huevo hasta adulto fue de 28.24 días. El periodo promedio del huevo fue 3.75 ± 0.40 días. La larva pasa por cinco estadíos larvales: el primero duró 3.21 ± 1.03 días, el segundo 2.78 ± 0.73 días, el tercero 2.67 ± 0.77 días, el cuarto 3.22 ± 0.81 días, y el quinto 4.61 ± 0.70 días. El periodo de la prepupa duró 1.33 ± 0.49 días y el de pupa 6.67 ± 0.80 días; los adultos nacieron entre las 10:00 y 11:00 h. Los machos adultos viven en promedio 31.80 ± 3.29 días, la hembra 42.00 ± 2.14 días y sus huevos son parasitados por un microhimenóptero (Scelionidae). Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió conocer los aspectos biológicos de H. feronia feronia identificando sus plantas alimenticias tanto de las larvas como de los adultos, su comportamiento de oviposición, así mismo se ha determinado que tiene un ciclo biológico relativamente corto con un periodo menor de un mes y sus huevos son consumidos por un pequeño Himenóptero que puede obstaculizar su producción. Este trabajo brinda información necesaria para desarrollar la crianza de H. feronia feronia, orientado a su conservación, la educación ambiental y los bionegocios (turismo y artesanía) en la Amazonia peruana.

Abstract Introduction: Hamadryas feronia feronia, which mimics the bark of trees and often makes attention-grabbing sounds when flying, has good potential for bio-business (export, handicrafts and tourist breeding centers). However, its biological aspects are still unknown, which hinder its captive breeding. Objectives: To determine the biological aspects of feeding, oviposition behavior, life cycle and natural enemies of Hamadryas feronia feronia L. in San Rafael-Indiana, Loreto, Peru. Methods: Sampling was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 in the community of San Rafael, Amazon River. Adults were observed during the day, their food plants, oviposition behavior, biological cycle and natural enemies were recorded. The life cycle was evaluated in the laboratory, using 20 eggs recently deposited on the leaves of their host plant. Results: The larvae of H. feronia feronia feed on the leaves of Dalechampia juruana and the adults feed on the bark sap of Cedrela odorata, Spondias mombin, Uncaria guianensis and the fermented fruits of Syzygium malaccense and Pouteria caimito. Adults fly on sunny days, males emit a loud sound when flying. Females prior to oviposition flit irregularly around their host plant between 8.00 and 14.00 h and deposit their eggs on the upper and underside of leaves in isolation, most frequently on the underside. The duration of the cycle from egg to adult was 28.24 days. The average egg period was 3.75 ± 0.40 days. The larvae passed through five larval instars: the first instar 3.21 ± 1.03 days, the second 2.78 ± 0.73 days, the third 2.67 ± 0.77 days, the fourth 3.22 ± 0.81 days, and the fifth 4.61 ± 0.70 days. The prepupal period lasted 1.33 ± 0.49 days and the pupal period 6.67 ± 0.80 days; the adults hatched between 10:00 to 11:00 h. Adult males lived on average 31.80 ± 3.29 days, the female 42.00 ± 2.14 days and their eggs were parasitized by a microhymenopteran (Scelionidae). Conclusions: This study allowed to know the biological aspects of H. feronia feronia identifying its food plants of both larvae and adults, its oviposition behavior, as well as it has been determined that it has a relatively short biological cycle with a period of less than one month and its eggs are consumed by a small Hymenoptera that can hinder its production. This work provides necessary information to develop the breeding of H. feronia feronia, oriented to its conservation, environmental education and biotrade (tourism and handicrafts) in the Peruvian Amazon.

Comparison of novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and temephos as larvicides against Aedes aegypti in Chiapas, Mexico / Comparación de novaluron, piriproxifeno, spinosad y temefos como larvicidas contra Aedes aegypti en Chiapas, México

Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficacy of three modern larvicides with the organophosphate temephos for control of Aedes aegypti in water tanks in Chiapas. Materials and methods: Trials were performed to compare the efficacy of pyriproxyfen, novaluron, two formulations of spinosad (granules and tablets) and temephos in oviposition traps and domestic water tanks. Results: Pyriproxyfen and temephos provided 2-3 weeks of complete control of larvae in oviposition traps, whereas spinosad granules and novaluron provided 7-12 weeks of control. Treatment of water tanks resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition by Ae. aegypt in houses (p<0.001). Higher numbers of larvae were present in temephos and pyriproxyfen-treated water tanks compared to novaluron and spinosad tablet treatments during most of the study. Conclusion: Spinosad formulations and novaluron were effective larvicides in this region. The poor performance of temephos may be indicative of reduced susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations in Chiapas.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de tres larvicidas modernos para el control de Aedes aegypti en tanques de agua doméstica en Chiapas. Material y métodos: Se comparó la eficacia de piriproxifeno, novalurón, dos formulaciones de spinosad (gránulos y tabletas) y temefos en ovitrampas y tanques domésticos de agua. Resultados: El piriproxifeno y el temefos proporcionaron de 2 a 3 semanas de control de larvas en ovitrampas, mientras que los gránulos de spinosad y novaluron proporcionaron de 7 a12 semanas. Los tanques de agua tratados produjeron una reducción significativa en la oviposición por Ae. aegypti en las casas (p<0.001). Se encontró gran cantidad de larvas en los tanques tratados con temefos y piriproxifeno en comparación con los tratados con novaluron y tabletas de spinosad durante la mayor parte del estudio. Conclusión: Las formulaciones de spinosad en tabletas y novaluron fueron larvicidas efectivos en esta región. El bajo desempeño de temefos puede indicar una susceptibilidad reducida en poblaciones de Ae. aegypti en Chiapas.

Avaliação da armadilha ovitrampa iscada com atraente natural para o monitoramento de Aedes spp. em Dili, capital do Timor-Leste / Evaluation of the baited ovitrap with natural attractant for monitoring Aedes spp. in Dili, capital of East Timor

Resumo A dengue ocorre no Timor-Leste desde 2005, porém não existe um programa de monitoramento e controle do "Aedes aegypti". O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a armadilha ovitrampa iscada com atraente natural como uma possível ferramenta para monitorar o vetor das arboviroses: Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV) e Zika (ZIKV). O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Dili, capital do Timor-Leste, entre as semanas epidemiológicas 32 (02/08) a 48 (02/12) de 2016. Foram instaladas 70 armadilhas Ovitrampa, em residências de 15 sucos (ruas), de quatro Postos Administrativos (bairros) da cidade. Para as analises dos dados utilizou-se os indicadores entomológicos: Índice de Positividade de Ovitrampa (IPO), Índice de Densidade Vetorial (IDV) e Índice de Densidade de Ovos (IDO). Durante o experimento foram coletados 158.904 ovos de Aedes spp.. O IPO demonstrou que todas as áreas tiveram 98% a 100% de armadilhas contendo ovos de Aedes spp.. Os indicadores IDO e IPO apresentaram correlações positivas e significativa com a temperatura. A defasagem de duas e três semanas para precipitação indicou correlação positiva significativa para IDV e IDO. Portanto, a armadilha ovitrampa é uma ferramenta que pode integrar as ações de um programa de monitoramento e controle de Aedes spp. no Timor-Leste.

Oviposition behavior of Helicoverpa armigera in soybean / Comportamento de oviposição de Helicoverpa armigera em soja

The objective of this study was to evaluate the oviposition behavior of Helicoverpa armigera confined in different adult pair density and growth stages of soybean plants, and the resistance of soybean genotypes to H. armigera in the category nonpreference for oviposition. The oviposition behavior of H. armigera was assessed using one, two, and four adult pairs per soybean plant of the cultivar BR-16 at the growth stages: vegetative V8 (eighth unrolled trifoliate leaf), reproductive R2 (full bloom) and reproductive R5.2 (beginning seed). The nonpreference for oviposition was evaluated using eight soybean genotypes and an oviposition preference index was calculated. The number of trichomes in leaflets was quantified for being correlated to H. armigera oviposition. One adult pair and soybean plants stage at pod-set affected and showed the best results oviposition preference on soybean plants. The genotypes M8230-RR and W711-RR presented resistance characteristics, and PI-227687 was preferred for oviposition. The trichome density positively affects the female oviposition behavior.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de oviposição de Helicoverpa armigera confinadas em diferentes densidades de casais e estádios fenológicos de plantas de soja, e a resistência de genótipos de soja na categoria não preferência para oviposição para H. armigera. Para o comportamento de oviposição de H. armigera, foram avaliadas as densidades de um, dois e quatro casais por planta, e os estádios fenológicos vegetativo, de florescimento e reprodutivo de plantas de soja do cultivar BR 16. Para o teste de não preferência para oviposição, oito genótipos de soja foram utilizados e um índice de preferência para oviposição foi calculado. A densidade de tricomas nos folíolos foi quantificada para ser correlacionada com a oviposição de H. armigera. A densidade de um casal e plantas de soja em estádio reprodutivo proporcionaram os melhores resultados quanto à preferência para oviposição de H. armigera em soja. Os genótipos M8230 RR e W711 RR apresentaram características de resistência, enquanto o PI 227687 foi o mais preferido para oviposição. A quantidade de tricomas influenciou positivamente no comportamento de oviposição das fêmeas.(AU)

Seasonal population dynamics of the primary yellow fever vector Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil

BACKGROUND Southeast Brazil has recently experienced a Yellow Fever virus (YFV) outbreak where the mosquito Haemagogus leucocelaenus was a primary vector. Climatic factors influence the abundance of mosquito vectors and arbovirus transmission. OBJECTIVES We aimed at describing the population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus in a county touched by the recent YFV outbreak. METHODS Fortnightly egg collections with ovitraps were performed from November 2012 to February 2017 in a forest in Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The effects of mean temperature and rainfall on the Hg. leucocelaenus population dynamics were explored. FINDINGS Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were continuously collected throughout the study, with a peak in the warmer months (December-March). The climatic variables had a time-lagged effect and four weeks before sampling was the best predictor for the positivity of ovitraps and total number of eggs collected. The probability of finding > 50% positive ovitraps increased when the mean temperature was above 24ºC. The number of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs expressively increase when the mean temperature and accumulated precipitation surpassed 27ºC and 100 mm, respectively, although the effect of rainfall was less pronounced. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Monitoring population dynamics of Hg. leucocelaenus and climatic factors in YFV risk areas, especially mean temperature, may assist in developing climate-based surveillance procedures to timely strengthening prophylaxis and control.

Ecological relationships of Haemagogus spegazzinii (Diptera: Culicidae) in a semiarid area of Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Haemagogus are mosquitoes with diurnal habits that live preferentially in forest areas. In Brazil, they are considered the primary vectors of wild yellow fever. METHODS: The ecological relationships between Haemagogus spegazzinii, the environment, and some of its activities in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte were analyzed by collecting eggs with ovitraps, actively searching in tree holes, capturing adults in Shannon traps, and conducting an investigation for viral infections. RESULTS: A total of 2420 eggs, 271 immature specimens (larvae and pupae), and 206 adults were collected. Egg collection depended on rainfall and relative humidity, with oviposition occurring between January and May. Larvae were found in five plant species, including Tabebuia aurea (craibeira), with 160 larvae collected. We observed shared breeding sites between Hg. spegazzinii and the following species: Aedes albopictus, Aedes terrens, Culex spp., and Toxorhynchites theobaldi. Adults exhibited greater activity between 5 pm and 6 pm, when 191 (92.7%) specimens were captured, while only 1 (0.5%) was collected between 7 pm and 8 pm. The relationship between Hg. spegazzinii and rainfall was significant, with positive correlations with accumulated rainfall 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days before mosquito collection. We found that the species was infected with the DENV-2 virus. CONCLUSIONS: This work contributes new information on the bioecology of Hg. spegazzinii, with data on the main reproduction periods, oviposition, breeding sites, activity times, and the relationship between the species and meteorological variables in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil.

Influence of strategic points in the dispersion of Aedes aegypti in infested areas / Influência de pontos estratégicos na dispersão de Aedes aegypti em áreas infestadas

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether sites with large amount of potential breeding sites for immature forms of Aedes aegypti, called strategic points, influence in the active vector's dispersion into properties in their surroundings. METHODS: We selected four areas in the municipality of Campinas, three of them with strategic points classified as high, moderate, and low risk according to infestation and a control area, without strategic points. Between October 2015 and September 2016, we monthly installed oviposition traps and evaluated the infestation by Ae. aegypti in all properties of each selected area. To verify if there was vector dispersion from each strategic point, based on its location, we investigated the formation of clusters with excess of eggs or larvae or pupae containers, using the Gi spatial statistics. RESULTS: The amount of eggs collected in the ovitraps and the number of positive containers for Ae. aegypti did not show clusters of high values concerning its distance from the strategic point. Both presented random distribution not spatially associated with the positioning of strategic points in the area. CONCLUSIONS: Strategic points are not confirmed as responsible for the vector's dispersion for properties in their surroundings. We highlight the importance of reviewing the current strategy of the vector control program in Brazil, seeking a balance from the technical, operational, and economic point of view, without disregarding the role of strategic points as major producers of mosquitoes and their importance in the dissemination of arboviruses in periods of transmission.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar se locais com grande quantidade de potenciais criadouros de formas imaturas de Aedes aegypti, denominados pontos estratégicos, influenciam a dispersão ativa do vetor aos imóveis no seu entorno. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas quatro áreas no município de Campinas, três delas com pontos estratégicos classificados como alto, médio e baixo risco segundo a infestação e uma área controle, sem ponto estratégico. Entre outubro de 2015 e setembro de 2016, instalaram-se mensalmente armadilhas de oviposição e avaliou-se a infestação por Ae. aegypti em todos os imóveis de cada área selecionada. Para verificar se houve dispersão do vetor a partir de cada ponto estratégico, com base em sua localização, investigou-se a formação de aglomerados com excesso de ovos ou de recipientes com larvas ou pupas, utilizando a estatística espacial Gi. RESULTADOS: o número de ovos coletados nas ovitrampas e o número de recipientes positivos para Ae. aegypti não apresentaram aglomerados de altos valores relativos à sua distância do ponto estratégico. Ambos apresentaram distribuição aleatória não associada espacialmente com o posicionamento dos pontos estratégicos na área. CONCLUSÕES: Pontos estratégicos não se confirmaram como responsáveis pela dispersão do vetor para os imóveis no seu entorno. Destaca-se a importância de rever a estratégia atual do programa de controle de vetores do Brasil, buscando um equilíbrio do ponto de vista técnico, operacional e econômico, sem desconsiderar o papel dos pontos estratégicos como grandes produtores de mosquitos e sua importância na disseminação de arboviroses em momentos de transmissão.

Toxicity of several botanical essential oils and their combinations against females of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles minimus (Theobald): Oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal efficacies

Objective:To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil (EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants (Alpinia galanga,Curcuma zedoaria,and Zingiber cas.sumunar) individually and in combination with an augmenting Eucalyptus globulus (E.globulus) EO against females of Aedes albopictus (Ae.adbopictus) and Anopheles minimus (An.minimus).Methods:These formulations were evaluated for their ovicidal,oviposition deterrent and adulticidal activities against Ae.albopictus and An.minimus by a topical method,a double-choice method and a WHO susceptibility test,respectively.Results:It was found that all formulations of Zingiberaceae plants EOs augmented with E.globulus EO were more effective in oviposition deterrent,ovicidal,and adulticidal activities against the two mosquito species than all of the formulations used without E.globulus EO.Their oviposition deterrent,ovicidal and adulticidal activities were equivalent to those of 10％ w/v cypermethrin.In contrast,70％ v/v ethyl alcohol as a control alone was not effective at all.The highest synergistic effect in effective repellency against Ae.albopictus was achieved by 5％ Alpinia galanga EO + 5％ E.globulus EO and against An.minimus was 5％ Zingiber cassumunar EO + 5％ E.globulus EO.Moreover,the highest synergistic effects in ovicidal activities against Ae.albopictus and An.minimus were achieved by 10％ Zingiber cassumunar EO + 10％ E.globulus EO and 5％ Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5％ E.globulus EO,respectively.For the adulticidal activities,the highest synergistic effect against two mosquitoes was achieved by 5％ Gurcuma zedoaria EO + 5％ E.globulus EO.Conclusions:These results suggest that Zingiberaceae plant EOs augmented with E.globulus EO have a high potential to be developed into oviposition deterrent,ovicidal,and adulticidal agents for controlling populations of Ae.albopictus and An.minimus.

Toxicity of several botanical essential oils and their combinations against females of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles minimus (Theobald): Oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal efficacies

Objective: To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil (EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants (Alpinia galanga, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar) individually and in combination with an augmenting Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) EO against females of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Anopheles minimus (An. minimus). Methods: These formulations were evaluated for their ovicidal, oviposition deterrent and adulticidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus by a topical method, a double-choice method and a WHO susceptibility test, respectively. Results: It was found that all formulations of Zingiberaceae plants EOs augmented with E. globulus EO were more effective in oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal activities against the two mosquito species than all of the formulations used without E. globulus EO. Their oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal activities were equivalent to those of 10% w/v cypermethrin. In contrast, 70% v/v ethyl alcohol as a control alone was not effective at all. The highest synergistic effect in effective repellency against Ae. albopictus was achieved by 5% Alpinia galanga EO + 5% E. globulus EO and against An. minimus was 5% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Moreover, the highest synergistic effects in ovicidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus were achieved by 10% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 10% E. globulus EO and 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO, respectively. For the adulticidal activities, the highest synergistic effect against two mosquitoes was achieved by 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Conclusions: These results suggest that Zingiberaceae plant EOs augmented with E. globulus EO have a high potential to be developed into oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal agents for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus and An. minimus.

Does Bacillus thuringiensis have adverse effects on the host egg location by parasitoid wasps?

ABSTRACT This study investigated the interaction between two pest biological control agents, the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillacea) (Bt). The aim of this study was to evaluate if the presence of Bt (formulated products Agree®, Dipel® and HD1 and HD11 strains) interferes in the oviposition preference of T. pretiosum to eggs of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using an olfactometry test, the eggs of H. zea were bathed with the commercial formulations, with the Bt suspensions or distilled water, and offered to the parasitoid wasps in order to evaluate parasitism. The results showed that H. zea eggs sprayed with commercial formulations and Bt strains did not interfere in the choice made by the parasitoid. The parasitoid wasp is not able to distinguish between eggs with or without B. thuringiensis treatment, independently of strains suspension or commercial formulations. Therefore, these two control agents may be used together without negative interaction.

Dinámica de oviposición de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), estado gonadotrófico y coexistencia con otros culícidos en el área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Oviposition dynamics of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), gonadotrophic state and coexistence with other culicidae in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga

Resumen Introducción: Las zonas urbanas tropicales favorecen la presencia de Aedes aegypti en el continente americano. Otros culícidos pueden compartir la misma área de distribución con este mosquito, lo cual justifica que se deban monitorear. Objetivo: Conocer la dinámica de oviposición de A. aegypti, evaluar su estado gonadotrófico y determinar taxonómicamente la presencia de otros culícidos en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Metodología: Para este propósito fueron instaladas trampas de oviposición (N=960) cebadas con infusión de heno (10%) durante un año en cuatro localidades (Norte, Girón, Piedecuesta y Floridablanca). Las ovitrampas permanecieron instaladas durante cinco días en intradomicilio y peridomicilio, paralelamente se colectaron larvas en plantas como bromelias y depósitos de agua en cada lugar de colecta. En el mes de mayo de 2014 fueron capturadas con un aspirador eléctrico y trampas StegTrap hembras de A. aegypti y Cx. quinquefasciatus a las cuales se les estimó su estado gonadotrófico. Datos ambientales como precipitación y temperatura fueron correlacionados con índices de oviposición. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 25.254 huevos de A. aegypti (Girón 39,1%, Bucaramanga 36,8% Floridablanca 15,2% y Piedecuesta 8,9%) en general los índices de oviposición fueron mayores en peridomicilio con correlaciones positivas (> 0. 5) entre los índices NOP, NH e IPO en peridomicilio y IPO y IDH en intradomicilio con la precipitación y la humedad. En cuanto al estado gonotrófico se determinó que las hembras de A. aegypti presentaron hasta dos ciclos gonadotróficos en las áreas examinadas. En las colectas activas en peridomicilio se encontró, Culex spissipes, Culex quinquefasciatus, Limatus durhamii, Toxorhynchites spp y Wyeomyia davisi. Conclusión: A. aegypti fue presente en todas localidades y se reportan otros culícidos potenciales vectores en el área metropolitana.

Abstract Introduction: Tropical urban areas favor the presence of Aedes aegypti in the American continent. Other mosquitoes can share the same geographic distribution with this mosquito, which justifies that they must be monitored. Objective: It is to know the dynamics of oviposition of A. aegypti, evaluate its gonadotrophic state and determine taxonomically the presence of other culicidae in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. Methodology: Oviposition traps (N = 960) were baited with hay infusion (10%) for one year in four locations (Norte, Girón, Piedecuesta and Floridablanca). The ovitraps were kept for five days indoors and outdoors, while larvae were collected in plants such as bromeliads and water reservoirs from each collecting site. In the month of May 2014, were captured with an electric aspirator and traps to catch females of A. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus to which were estimated their gonadotrophic state. Environmental data such as precipitation and temperature were correlated with the collected eggs and their oviposition indices. Results: 25,254 eggs of A. aegypti were obtained (39.1% Girón, 36.8% Bucaramanga, 15.2% Floridablanca and 8.9% Piedecuesta). In general, oviposition rates were higher outdoors. As for the gonotrophic state, it was detected that females of A. aegypti can have for over two gonadotrophs cycles. In the active catch outdoors were found Culex spp., Culex quinquefasciatus, Limatus durhamii, Toxorhynchites spp and Wyeomyia davisi. Conclusion: A. aegypti was present in all localities and other mosquitoes are reported in the metropolitan area.

Mosquito species occurrence in association with landscape composition in green urban areas / Ocorrência de espécies de mosquitos associada à composição de paisagem em áreas verdes urbanas

Abstract Aedes aegypti prefers densely populated habitats, but has been shown to explore less anthropogenic environments. We investigated composition of the abundance of mosquitoes in forested areas and assessed relationships between species occurrences and different types of land use and land cover at three spatial scales (100m, 500m and 1000m). Mosquitoes were collected from October 2012 to March 2013 using oviposition traps. We collected 4,179 mosquitoes in total including at least 10 species. Aedes albopictus and Limatus durhami were eudominant species, representing 90% of all collected individuals. We found intraspecific differences in response to land use and land cover, and species response patterns were similar at all spatial scales. Ae. albopictus relative abundance was associated with urbanized areas, while Li. durhami, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Toxorhynchites sp., abundances were associated with native forest. Aedes aegypti were found in five of the eight areas studied, including in an Atlantic forest fragment at a considerable distance from the forest edge (370 m). Aedes aegypti occurrence was not influenced by type of land use or land cover.

Resumo Aedes aegypti tem como habitat preferencial áreas densamente povoadas, mas que tem se mostrado capaz de explorar ambientes menos antropizados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a abundância de mosquitos em áreas florestadas e avaliar a relação dos diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura do solo, em três escalas de paisagem (buffer de 100m, 500m e 1000m). Os mosquitos foram coletados entre outubro de 2012 a março de 2013 utilizando armadilhas de oviposição. Foram coletados 4,179 culicídeos, de pelo menos 10 espécies, destas, Aedes albopictus e Limatus durhami foram eudominantes, representando 90% do total de indivíduos coletados. As espécies de culicídeos respondem de maneira diversa aos tipos de uso e cobertura do solo, indicando que as afinidades mais evidentes se mantém nas três escalas avaliadas. A abundância relativa de Ae. albopictus se mostrou relacionada às áreas mais urbanizadas, enquanto a de Li. durhami, Haemagogus leucocelaenus e Toxorhynchites sp., à presença da mata nativa. Aedes aegypti esteve presente em cinco das oito áreas estudadas, incluindo um fragmento de Mata Atlântica a uma distância considerável da borda (370m). A ocorrência de Aedes aegypti nas áreas analisadas não demonstrou ser influenciada pelo tipo de uso e cobertura do solo.

Do container size and predator presence affect Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition preferences?

ABSTRACT Organisms with complex life cycles typically do not exhibit parental care. Hence, the ability of adult females to choose quality oviposition sites is critical for offspring success. Gravid females of many insect taxa have the capability to detect environmental conditions in water-holding containers (e.g., resource level, presence of competitors or predators) and to choose the sites that are most suitable for offspring growth and development. Mosquitoes may also detect physical container characteristics related to water permanence such as surface area, volume, or container size, and some species such as those in the genus Culex have been shown to prefer larger containers. However, predators may also preferentially colonize larger containers; thus, ovipositing females may face decisions based on cues of site quality that balance the costs and benefits for offspring. We used a field experiment to evaluate the oviposition preferences of two Culex species in response to experimental container size and predator abundances within the containers. We found that both species avoided ovipositing in the largest containers, which have high abundances of Chaoborus sp. and dragonfly larvae (predators). However, the container size most commonly chosen for oviposition (15-L buckets) also had high mean abundance per liter of dragonfly larvae. These results suggest either prey naiveté or reduced vulnerability of these species to dragonflies compared to Chaoborus sp. Other potential mechanisms for the observed patterns are discussed.

Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides used in Brazilian citrus groves on Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) / Efeitos letais e subletais de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros sobre o ácaro Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Pesticides have been blamed as the principal factor responsible for biological disequilibrium favoring the population increase of Panonychus citri (McGregor) in Brazilian citrus groves. In order to generate subsidies for the integrated management of this pest, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides used in citrus on P. citri. We tested 18 pesticides by evaluating mortality of adult female, egg viability and adult avoidance. For imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen, dimethoate, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur, the principal insecticides used in Brazilian orchards, the oviposition behavior and the incidence of adult females on discontinuous pesticide residues were evaluated. The pesticides which caused adult P. citri mortality were: abamectin (94%), dimethoate (86%), lime sulfur (69%), fenpropathrin (44%), diafenthiuron (25%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (23%). The pesticides affecting egg viability were: fenpropathrin (53%), dimethoate (30%) and lime sulfur (22%). Fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur caused repellent effects of 55, 45 and 22%, respectively. P. citri preferred areas untreated with deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur for oviposition and permanence, but the species could not distinguish areas treated with imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and dimethoate. The insecticides abamectin, dimethoate and diafenthiuron affected survival and did not cause changes in P. citri behavior. These pesticides should be used mainly in periods P. citri occurs. On the other hand, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, lime sulfur and deltamethrin affect dispersal behavior, oviposition and P. citri incidence and their use should be avoided.(AU)

O intenso uso de pesticidas na citricultura tem sido apontado como o principal fator responsável por desequilíbrios biológicos, favorecendo o aumento populacional de Panonychus citri (McGregor) na citricultura brasileira. Para gerar subsídios ao manejo integrado dessa praga, avaliaram-se os efeitos letais e subletais de agrotóxicos utilizados em citros sobre P. citri. Avaliaram-se 18 agrotóxicos na mortalidade de fêmeas adultas, viabilidade de ovos e repelência de P. citri. Foram também avaliados o comportamento de oviposição e a incidência de P. citri em superfícies com áreas tratadas e não tratadas com imidacloprid, piriproxifem, dimetoato, deltametrina, lambda-cialotrina e calda sulfocálcica, por serem os principais inseticidas utilizados nos pomares brasileiros. Os pesticidas que causaram mortalidade em adultos de P. citri foram abamectina (94%), dimetoato (86%), calda sulfocálcica (69%), fempropatrina (44%), diafentiurom (25%) e lambda-cialotrina (23%). Os pesticidas que afetaram a viabilidade de ovos foram fempropatrina (53%), dimetoato (30%) e calda sulfocálcica (22%). Quanto aos efeitos subletais, fempropatrina, lambda-cialotrina e calda sulfocálcica ocasionaram repelências de 55, 45 e 22%, respectivamente. P. citri preferiu áreas não tratadas com deltametrina, lambda-cialotrina e calda sulfocálcica para oviposição e permanência. Em contraste, P. citri não foi capaz de distinguir superfícies tratadas com imidacloprid, piriproxifem e dimetoato. Os inseticidas abamectina, dimetoato e diafentiurom afetaram a sobrevivência e não causaram mudanças no comportamento de P. citri, podendo ser utilizados principalmente em períodos que P. citri ocorre. Em contrapartida, fempropatrina, lambda-cialotrina, calda sulfocálcica e deltametrina afetaram o comportamento de dispersão e oviposição de P. citri e deveriam ser evitados.(AU)

Efficacies of four plant essential oils as larvicide, pupicide and oviposition deterrent agents against dengue fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti Linn. (Diptera: Culicidae)

Objective: To evaluate larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent activities of four plant essential oils from Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd rhizome, Anethum graveolens L. (An. graveolens)fruit, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. fruit, and Pimpinella anisum L. fruit against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti). Methods: Four essential oils at 1％, 5％ and 10％ concentrations were assessed for insecticidal activity against larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti, following the procedure of a dipping method assay. Oviposition deterrent activity of four essential oils was evaluated on gravid female of Ae. aegypti by a dual-choice oviposition bioassay. Results: The results revealed that An. graveolens oil provided the strongest larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti among four tested plant essential oils with the highest mortality rate of 100％ and LC50 value of -0.3％. From the pupicidal experiment, An. graveolens also showed the highest toxicity against Ae. aegypti pupae with the highest mortality rate of 100％ at 72 h and LC50 value of 2.9％. In addition, 10％ An. graveolens had an oviposition deterrent effect against Ae. aegypti with effective repellency of 100％ and an oviposition activity index of –1.0. Conclusions: An. graveolens oil has a good potential as a larvicidal, pupicidal and oviposition deterrent agent for controlling Ae. aegypti.